Sunday, January 5, 2014

The Butcher, The Baker and FISA

The House Judiciary Committee will be holding a hearing today on FISA, the NSA and some guy named Snowden. Few people are aware of this, as their time and attention are consumed by more important legal concerns, as regularly voice by legal entertainer, Nancy Grace.  But it will happen nonetheless.

Stewart Baker, who harbors some peculiar notions when it comes to the things the government does to keep us safe, will be testifying, and he has much to say about each of these subjects, and then some.  While his testimony of extraordinary breadth is all worth reading in a morbid fascination sort of way, it spans far more than can be discussed here. Rather than try to overreach, let's take a look-see at just one small piece of his puzzle.

To be blunt, one of the reasons I’m here is that I fear we may repeat some of the mistakes we made as a country in the years before September 11, 2001.  In those years, a Democratic President serving his second term seemed to inspire deepening suspicion of government and a rebirth of enthusiasm for civil liberties not just on the left but also on the right.  The Cato Institute criticized the Clinton Administration’s support of warrantless national security searches and expanded government wiretap authority as “dereliction of duty,” saying,“[i]f constitutional report cards were handed out to presidents, Bill Clinton would certainly receive an F–an appalling grade for any president–let alone a former professor of constitutional law.” The criticism rubbed off on the FISA court, whose chief judge felt obliged to give public interviews and speeches defending against the claim that the court was rubber-stamping the Clinton administration’s intercept requests.

This is where I should insert a joke about the movie “Groundhog Day.” But I don’t feel like joking, because I know how this movie ends. 

Gratuitous slams at Democrats aside, given that a two-term Republican in the middle didn't do any better, can you guess where Baker is heading?

 

And so, when a law enforcement task force of the FBI found out in August of 2001 that al Qaeda had sent two dangerous operatives to the United States, it did … nothing.  It was told to stand down; it could not go looking for the two al Qaeda operatives because it was on the wrong side of the wall.  I believe that FBI task force would have found the hijackers – who weren’t hiding – and that the attacks could have been stopped if not for a combination of bad judgment by the FISA court (whose minimization rules were later thrown out on appeal) and a climate in which national security concerns were discounted by civil liberties advocates on both sides of the aisle.

Rarely does a paragraph so grossly distort cause and effect, correlation and causation, while at the same time trivializing and blaming those darned "civil liberties advocates on both sides of the aisle."  Maybe not Jefferson and Madison, but their elected descendants who, at least in Baker's mind, put us at risk for terrorism by the horrors of defending civil liberties, those things that make us who and what we are. 

This is like a trick for fools, which makes it perfect for congressional testimony. As if the FBI having been on the wrong side of the "wall" before 9/11 was the cause of America's failure to stop the attacks. Because the FBI so effectively stopped others, say, Tsarnaev, when they had no wall to blame it on? Or that there was no other law enforcement apparatus in existence for the FBI to do its job, except to engage in a national secret colonoscopy but be forbidden from telling the patient the results.

There has never been any dispute that law enforcement would be both easier and more effective if we would just let them ignore all those nasty constitutional rights that the citizenry preserved for itself when deciding to let a government exist.  Think about how much safer we would be if police could just enter our homes at will and search for whatever they want, or just for fun. You never know what they might stumble on.

That's what Baker considers the right way to go, because he believes that government can be trusted, that government is well-intended and would rarely abuse the vast power he would give it.  Not that it would never abuse the power, but in those very rare instances where something went beyond his vision of propriety, government would also be fully capable of policing itself.  Ronald Reagan, for all his faults, was elected on the platform that government was the problem.  Baker disagrees.

 

I realize that this story is not widely told, perhaps because it’s not an especially welcome story, not in the mainstream media and not on the Internet. But it is true; the parts of my book that describe it are well-grounded in recently declassified government reports.

More importantly, I lived it.  And I never want to live through that particular Groundhog Day again.  That’s why I’m here.

The argument is reminiscent of the mother whose child was tragically killed, and goes before a legislative body to ask that no other child ever again be harmed.  There is enormous sympathy for her loss, but whatever killed the child happens a million times without incident, and then once with a terrible outcome.  What she is asking is that the million times be eliminated so that the one time never happen. It's understandable, as she speaks from personal grief, but it's an unsound basis to craft law.  Baker plays the same cards.

Notice how he ties it to himself personally, as he was there in government service when the government failed to stop a tragic event.  Of course, it wasn't the government's fault that it failed, but those "civil liberties advocates" who tied the government's hands from saving us.  That's the claim, even though it relies on a logical fallacy that Baker, a smart guy, hopes no one on the committee will see. 

Had there been no wall, and the FBI free to break into bedrooms and telephone calls at will, there is no correlation between their putative claim that they would have been able to stop 9/11.  There is no basis to claim they would have done anything more than interrogate the two suspected terrorists and let them go. There is no basis to claim that the other terrorists, even if the two were held or expelled, wouldn't have flown planes into buildings. There is no line to be drawn from point A to point Z.

But Stewart Baker will be testifying before the House Judiciary Committee today and will tell them these things. And I won't. And you won't. And the wheels of government will grind on.



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Source: http://blog.simplejustice.us/2013/07/17/the-butcher-the-baker-and-fisa.aspx?ref=rss

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Client Alert – Considerations for 2014 Proxy Season and Beyond

2014 Proxy Season

Following are some topics that public companies may want to consider in preparation for the 2014 proxy season.

Shareholder Proposals

The 2013 proxy season reflected a continued increase in the number of shareholder proposals submitted to public companies, while the SEC no-action relief process resulted in fewer successful efforts of public companies to exclude shareholder proposals from proxy statements compared to recent years.  However, public companies appear to be having success in negotiating with shareholders as an increased number of shareholder proposals were withdrawn prior to the stockholder meeting in 2013 compared to prior years.  Common shareholder proposals in 2013 included (i) proposals to appoint an independent board chair, (ii) proposals to declassify classified boards of directors (and dismantle other similar protective provisions), and (iii) proposals to increase the diversity of the board of directors.  Shareholder proposals for 2014 are expected to include (i) elimination of super-majority provisions to amend by-laws, (ii) proxy access, (iii) ability of stockholders to act by written consent and/or call special meetings, and (iv) social and environmental proposals related to political contributions, human rights policies and environmental sustainability.  In its 2014 Policy Update, ISS stated that (a) starting in 2014 it will review the responsiveness of a board to any shareholder proposal that receives one year of a majority of votes cast in support (rather than the previous triggers of either two years of a majority of votes cast in a three-year period or one year of a majority of shares outstanding); (b) ISS has adopted a case-by-case approach, including a list of factors for analysts to consider, for assessing board implementation of prior successful shareholder proposals, and (c) ISS provided analysts with broader discretion when determining which directors to hold accountable in the event the level of responsiveness to shareholder proposals is found to be insufficient.  Among the changes for 2014 related to board action on successful shareholder proposals is that ISS will consider in the case-by-case analysis the board’s rationale provided in the proxy statement for not adopting a shareholder proposal.

In its 2014 Policy Update, ISS also included a new recommendation for votes on a case-by-case basis for shareholder proposals requesting that a company conduct an assessment of the human rights risks in its operations or in its supply chain, or report on its human rights risk assessment process, considering (i) the degree to which existing relevant policies and practices are disclosed, including information on the implementation of these policies and any related oversight mechanisms; (ii) the company’s industry and whether the company or its suppliers operate in countries or areas where there is a history of human rights concerns; (iii) recent, significant controversies, fines, or litigation regarding human rights involving the company or its suppliers, and whether the company has taken remedial steps; and (iv) whether the proposal is unduly burdensome or overly prescriptive.  ISS indicated that the rationale for this update is that during the 2013 proxy season, proponents filed new resolutions related to a company’s assessment of its risks related to human rights issues by asking companies to either perform a human rights risk assessment or report on their human risks risk assessment process.  This focus on human rights issues dovetails with new “conflicts minerals” disclosure requirements for 2014 discussed below.

Director Tenure

Stockholders and corporate governance advocates are expressing more concern regarding director tenure.  The primary stated concerns related to directors who have been in place for significant periods of time include the effect on the board’s independence and diversity.  Some stockholders are arguing that the longer a director is entrenched on a board, the less independent he or she becomes from management.  In addition, allowing directors to remain entrenched for a long period of time naturally limits board diversity.  The concept of “board refreshment” is being advocated by large institutional investors, such as CalPERS, as well as organizations focused on effective corporate governance.  ISS has indicated that once a director’s tenure on a board exceeds 15 years, it will consider whether that director is sufficiently independent from management.  However, ISS’s policy currently is to recommend voting against term limits for directors.

Shareholder Communications

In recent years, the relationship between a company and its significant stockholders has evolved.  Management is now expected to spend considerable time and energy engaging with stockholders on corporate governance and other matters.  Part of the reason for this changing dynamic may be the say-on-pay advisory voting requirement mandated by the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010.  Significant stockholders are asking the board to justify executive compensation, in particular where stockholders indicate their disapproval of executive compensation through the non-binding advisory vote.  Recent industry reports have indicated that companies that described in their proxy statement proactive stockholder outreach efforts following unsuccessful say on pay votes received favorable say on pay votes the following year.  Effective engagement with significant shareholders may lead to better relationships with such shareholders over time which will help facilitate effective corporate governance changes and avoid surprises for public company boards.

Considerations Beyond 2014 Proxy Season

Below are some additional considerations for SEC disclosures required for public companies following the 2014 proxy season.

Conflict Minerals

Public companies that manufacture or contract to manufacture products which contain “conflict minerals” are required to begin filing a Form SD regarding the level of due diligence it exercised to determine whether its products and products in its supply chain contain conflict minerals, along with a conflict minerals report in the event the company determines, following specified due diligence, that its products incorporate conflict minerals originated in one of the covered countries and did not come from recycle or scrap sources.  The first Form SD are required by May 31, 2014 with respect to calendar year 2013.  Conflict minerals are (i) gold, (ii) cassiterite/tin, (iii) columbite-tantalite/tantalum, and (iv) wolframite/tungsten.  The covered countries for the conflict minerals analysis are the Democratic Republic of the Congo and adjoining countries: Angola, Burundi, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia.  Based on the many uses of these conflict minerals throughout the supply chain, the SEC has indicated that it expects the rule to apply to approximately 6,000 reporting companies.  Please see our September 21, 2012 post on Conflict Minerals here.

CEO Pay Gap Disclosure

In September 2013 the SEC voted 3-2 in favor of proposed rules mandated by the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act regarding disclosure of the pay gap between employees and the CEO.  Under the proposed rules, in addition to the compensation disclosure already required for the CEO and the other “named executive officers” and the mandated “say on pay” advisory vote disclosures, public companies would also have to disclose (i) the median of the annual total compensation of all its employees except the CEO; (ii) the annual total compensation of its CEO; and (iii) the ratio of the two amounts.  As indicated by the close vote of the SEC, final rules regarding this disclosure requirement may be subject to litigation or other challenges and this disclosure requirement may not become effective until later in 2014 or 2015.

For any questions or more information on these or any related matters, please contact attorneys in our public company group including John Tishler (858-720-8943, jtishler@sheppardmullin.com) and Jason Schendel (650-815-2621, jschendel@sheppardmullin.com).

Disclaimer

This client alert has been prepared by Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton LLP for informational purposes only and does not constitute advertising, a solicitation, or legal advice, is not promised or guaranteed to be correct or complete and may or may not reflect the most current legal developments. Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton LLP expressly disclaims all liability in respect to actions taken or not taken based on the contents of this update.

Source: http://www.corporatesecuritieslawblog.com/2013/12/client-alert-considerations-for-2014-proxy-season-and-beyond/

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Suffolk Law's Pro Bono Program

Mia Friedman, Director of Public Interest and Pro Bono Programs at Suffolk Law's Rappaport Center for Law and Public Service, reviews our Pro Bono Program. Learn more at rappaportcenter.org.

Source: http://legaltalknetwork.com/podcasts/suffolk-law/2012/08/suffolk-laws-pro-bono-program/

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Ruling Clears Way for Claims Over Botched Facebook IPO

Shareholder claims against Nasdaq OMX Group Inc. over Facebook Inc.?s botched IPO will move forward after a federal judge found that the exchange was not immune from liability over the technical glitches that occurred that day.

Source: http://www.law.com/jsp/nlj/PubArticleNLJ.jsp?id=1202633552309&rss=rss_nlj

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Third-Party Risk Spotlight: Anti-Corruption

This podcast focuses on managing the risks associated with third party relationships, in particular risks related to potential violations of anti-corruption laws — the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and the UK Bribery Act, and looks at what might be learned from recent publicly-announced allegations against UK pharmaceutical company, GlaxoSmithKline PLC.

Learn best practices for mitigating third-party risk, informed by latest Department of Justice guidance, and explore tools to help implement those practices.

Source: http://legaltalknetwork.com/podcasts/tech-experts/2013/08/third-party-risk-spotlight-anti-corruption

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Duval school board makes a statement (Florida Times-Union)

Share With Friends: Share on FacebookTweet ThisPost to Google-BuzzSend on GmailPost to Linked-InSubscribe to This Feed | Rss To Twitter | Law - Video Stories, RSS and RSS Feed via Feedzilla.

Source: http://news.feedzilla.com/en_us/stories/law/video/350087608?client_source=feed&format=rss

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Saturday, January 4, 2014

A Whole New Look for Some Law Firms in 2014

As far as law firm tie-ups go, 2013 was a banner year for talks that garnered lots of press but ultimately stalled out before the end of the year. Still, plenty of other mergers did come off without a hitch.

Source: http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2014/01/02/a-whole-new-look-for-some-law-firms-in-2014/?mod=WSJBlog

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Apparently ATMs Aren’t All That Secure

atm machine

The Juice has blogged about people stealing entire ATMs before. But this? As reported by thebrooklynpaper.com:

A lowlife swiped thousands in cash from a Third Avenue money machine on Dec. 27 — then doused the dollar dispenser in chlorine, cops reported.

Security cameras caught the villain breaking open the automatic teller between 79th and 80th streets at 3 am and taking $8,000 from inside — before pouring bleach all over the machine, cops said.

Who knew? Looks like at least one ATM manufacturer has some retooling to do!

Source: http://rss.justia.com/~r/LegalJuiceCom/~3/EHmw9ydAOEw/sd-4.html

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Email scam: Message purports to be from court

Some District Courts have reported calls from members of the public saying they received an email telling them they must appear in court. The message, with the title “Notice to Appear,” contains the phone number of a local court and asks the recipient to open an attachment — a common tactic for scammers attempting to spread a virus or gain access to the recipient’s computer.

Recipients should be aware that the email did not come from the Minnesota Judicial Branch or the district courts, says court communications director John Kostouros.

Source: http://minnlawyer.com/minnlawyerblog/2013/12/23/email-scam-message-purports-to-be-from-court/

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In Light of NSA Surveillance, Should Lawyers Encrypt?

In this edition of The Kennedy-Mighell Report, Dennis Kennedy and Tom Mighell discuss encryption. The recent news coverage of the NSA surveillance has everyone talking about who can access their data, and this is especially relevant to practicing attorneys, who have to consider both their own data as well as that of their clients. According to your hosts, 30% of lawyers are using encryption to secure files and only 24% are using it to send email. This poses the question: Has the time for lawyers using encryption arrived?

The second segment of the show will talk about Tom’s switch from the iPhone to the Android smartphone. Learn how and why he made the decision to make the change and his review, so far.

Special thanks to our sponsor, Transporter.

Source: http://legaltalknetwork.com/podcasts/kennedy-mighell-report/2013/06/in-light-of-nsa-surveillance-should-lawyers-encrypt

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Pardon Our 100th Interruption

The Kennedy Mighell Report has reached a milestone: Episode 100! As part of the celebration your hosts will bring you today’s legal technology issues in the format of one of their favorite shows: ESPN’s Pardon the Interruption. Hear how technology can make your business more efficient, highlights from the ABA Tech Show, the future of technology for lawyers, and more

Source: http://legaltalknetwork.com/podcasts/kennedy-mighell-report/2013/04/pardon-our-one-hundredth-interruption

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Cyber Risk Management for Lawyers

Lawyers hold some of their clients’ most private communications, which makes them a top target of all hackers. As technology competence becomes the required norm, lawyers need to understand not only how to protect their clients’ information but how to react if a cyber attack does happen. On this episode of Digital Detectives, Sharon D. Nelson, Esq. and John W. Simek invite Steven Chabinsky to discuss cyber-risk management for lawyers.

Steven Chabinsky is senior vice president of legal affairs, general counsel, and chief risk officer for the cyber-security-technology firm CrowdStrike. He is also is an adjunct faculty member of George Washington University and the cyber columnist for Security Magazine. Prior to joining CrowdStrike, Chabinsky had a distinguished 17-year career with the FBI, during which he was the top cyber lawyer, then the head of the Cyber Intelligence Section, and ultimately deputy assistant director of the FBI's Cyber Division.
Tune in to hear the major threats law firms are facing, what lawyers should do if their systems are hacked, and the future of cyber threats and cyber security.

Thanks to our sponsor, The Digital WarRoom.

Source: http://legaltalknetwork.com/podcasts/digital-detectives/2013/09/cyber-risk-management-for-lawyers

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Supreme Court’s Roberts Issues Annual Plea: More Money, Please

Chief Justice John Roberts, offering his annual New Year’s plea for more funds, said Tuesday he hopes federal courts can secure an additional $400 million or so from Congress when lawmakers decide budget levels for fiscal 2014.

Source: http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2013/12/31/supreme-courts-roberts-issues-annual-plea-more-money-please/?mod=WSJBlog

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Paralegal Career 101: Dealing with Work-Related Stress

On this September edition of The Paralegal Voice, co-hosts Lynne DeVenny and Vicki Voisin explore the different kinds of work-related stressors many paralegals face on a day-to-day basis. They talk about the realities associated with an exciting but deadline-driven, detail-oriented paralegal job, and offer tips for both anticipating and resolving common stressors.

Source: http://legaltalknetwork.com/podcasts/paralegal-voice/2012/09/paralegal-career-101-dealing-with-work-related-stress/

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Friday, January 3, 2014

Secure Your Legal Data in the Cloud

The use of cloud-based services and technology is top-of-mind for many law departments today, who wonder, "Is the cloud really secure enough to store my company’s confidential legal data?" In this edition of Tech Experts, information security expert, Joe McMorris, VP of Information Technology at Datacert, will explore this question and offer practical advice about the critical information security and compliance questions you should ask before entrusting a cloud-based legal software vendor with your data.

Source: http://legaltalknetwork.com/podcasts/tech-experts/2012/07/secure-your-legal-data-in-the-cloud/

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Can We Constitutionally Implement Stop and Frisk?

On this edition of Lawyer2Lawyer, Bob Ambrogi speaks with Sunita Patel of the Constitutional Center for Human Rights and Heather Mac Donald of the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research on Judge Scheindlin's recent ruling, Floyd vs. City of New York, which deemed the NYPD’s use of the stop-and-frisk policy unconstitutional.

• Sunita Patel, an attorney for the Center for Constitutional Rights, litigates racial profiling, immigrant justice, and other human rights issues. She represents the named plaintiffs in the Floyd class action, four minority men who argued that the stop-and-frisk law was being upheld unconstitutionally and caused indirect racial profiling. The case was filed by the CCR.

• Heather Mac Donald is a John M. Olin fellow at the Manhattan Institute and a contributing editor at the City Journal. She covers a number of topics including immigration, policing and racial profiling, and the New York courts. She has been featured in numerous publications regarding why the stop-and-frisk ruling will increase New York crime.

Tune in to hear Patel and Mac Donald’s opinions on the stop-and-frisk policy and how it affects crime rates, what the ruling means for the NYPD and similar policies nationwide, and if they think stop and frisk can be carried out constitutionally.

A special thanks to our sponsor, Clio.

Source: http://legaltalknetwork.com/podcasts/lawyer-2-lawyer/2013/08/can-we-constitutionally-implement-stop-and-frisk

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MILOfest: A Conference for Mac-User Attorneys

MILO, short for Macs in the Law Office, started as a listserv for attorneys using Apple products in their law practices. Since it’s inception, the interest has increased to support MILOfest: a conference centered around how to use Apple products to benefit law practice. In this edition of Legal Toolkit, host Heidi Alexander invites the founder of MILOfest, Victor Medina, to discuss the goals and benefits of his unique conference, how it’s growing, and what to look forward to for MILOfest 2014.

Medina is an estate planning attorney in New Jersey. In addition to being the managing member of his practice, he is also an avid contributor to the MILO listserv.

Source: http://legaltalknetwork.com/podcasts/legal-toolkit/2013/11/milofest-a-conference-for-mac-user-attorneys

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Pharma sales reps are FLSA exempt as outside salesmen (5-4)

This morning the US Supreme Court decided - on a 5-4 vote - that pharmaceutical sales representatives are "outside salesmen" and therefore exempt from overtime under the Fair Labor Standards Act. The Court also unanimously held that the Department of Labor's recently-announced contrary interpretation was entitled to exactly zero deference.

Christopher v. SmithKline Beacham (US Supreme Ct 06/18/2012)

Christopher, a pharmaceutical sales representative, sued the employer for violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) alleging failure to pay overtime. The trial court granted the employer's motion for summary judgment and denied Christopher's motion to amend the judgment based on the trial court's failure to consider an amicus brief filed by the Secretary of the Department of Labor (DOL). The 9th Circuit affirmed. The US Supreme Court affirmed (5-4).

The job of a pharmaceutical sales representative is to try to persuade physicians to write prescriptions for products in appropriate cases. For over 70 years DOL acquiesced in an interpretation that they were "outside salesmen" who are exempt from FLSA overtime requirements. In amicus briefs filed in Circuit courts DOL took the position that a "sale" requires a "consummated transaction." In Supreme Court briefing DOL's position was that there is no "sale" unless the employee "actually transfers title."

The Court said that the DOL's new interpretation is entitled to no deference at all because it would impose massive liability for conduct that occurred before the interpretation was announced, there had been no enforcement actions suggesting the industry was acting unlawfully, DOL gave no opportunity for public comment, and the interpretation is "flatly inconsistent" with the FLSA.

The FLSA definition of "sale" includes consignments, which do not involve a transfer of title. Although DOL regulations say that sales include the transfer of title, that does not mean a sale must include a transfer of title. The regulations also use the phrase "other disposition" which - in this unique regulatory environment - includes the work of pharmaceutical sales representatives. The representatives also bear all the exterior indicia of salesmen (average salaries exceeding $70,000, work that is difficult to standardize to a particular time frame, etc.)

The DISSENT reasoned that sales of drugs are made by pharmacists, not pharmaceutical sales representatives. The pharmaceutical sales representative neither make sales nor promote "their own sales." (The dissent agreed that the DOL's current views expressed in briefs are not entitled to any weight.)

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Source: http://www.lawmemo.com/blog/2012/06/pharma_sales_re.html

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It's Not Easy Being Weev (Update)

Appellants and amici briefs are now in at the Third Circuit on the appeal of Andrew Auernheimer's conviction for somehow violating the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. I say "somehow" as the government was never pinned down on whether it was exceeding authorized access or unauthorized access. But they were clear that what he did was wrong, wrong enough to get him convicted and sentence to 41 months imprisonment.

Weev didn't help himself. Whether he wanted to be a martyr to the cause of geekdom or just unwilling to win except on his terms isn't clear. But his lawyer, Tor Eckland, couldn't control him, and had enough on his hands trying to defend Weev in what I believe to be his first trial*. While the prosecution was huge within the computer hacker community, it didn't garner the attention of Lori Drew's prosecution, lacking a dead child.  But make no mistake, Weev's prosecution raises issues of monumental significance for all computer users.

Orin Kerr, who joined the defense team on appeal, gives a summary of the case.

Here are the basic facts. When iPads were first released, iPad owners could sign up for Internet access using AT&T. When they signed up, they gave AT&T their e-mail addresses. AT&T decided to configure their webservers to “pre load” those e-mail addresses when it recognized the registered iPads that visited its website. When an iPad owner would visit the AT&T website, the browser would automatically visit a specific URL associated with its own ID number; when that URL was visited, the webserver would open a pop-up window that was preloaded with the e-mail address associated with that iPad.

The basic idea was to make it easier for users to log in to AT&T’s website: The user’s e-mail address would automatically appear in the pop-up window, so users only needed to enter in their passwords to access their account. But this practice effectively published the e-mail addresses on the web. You just needed to visit the right publicly-available URL to see a particular user’s e-mail address. Spitler realized this, and he wrote a script to visit AT&T’s website with the different URLs and thereby collect lots of different e-mail addresses of iPad owners. And they ended up collecting a lot of e-mail addresses — around 114,000 different addresses — that they then disclosed to a reporter. Importantly, however, only e-mail addresses were obtained. No names or passwords were obtained, and no accounts were actually accessed.

Or to put it a bit more succinctly, Weev and Spitler stumbled on pages that were publicly accessible, but AT&T figured no one would find because there was no way to access them other than to have its iPad or, as stumble on them. They then did what geeks do, and exploited their discovery to see how far they could go. Rather than hand it over nicely to AT&T so it could cover its tracks and deny its screw-up, they gave it to a reporter to publish. AT&T was pissed, and the government was happy to prosecute as payback for quick and easy disclosure of your cellular communications the heinous crime of publicly embarrassing AT&T for being a computer idiot.

The appellant's brief, after a disturbing opening to the main argument that repeats the conventional wisdom from 1986 analogizing computers to physical trespass, takes the view that this just isn't a crime. As the pages were public, it cannot be unlawful access. The brief reads more academic than advocate, but does an admirable job of making its points.

There are two amici briefs, one arguing that this is how everybody uses the internet, and the other arguing that this is how sophisticated internet security experts use the internet, both reaching the same conclusion that affirmance of Weev's conviction would criminalize normal and lawful practices.

As everybody else involved relies on analogies, it seems appropriate despite my view that it's critical to stop using real world analogies to explain digital world conduct, to do the same. The prosecution's argument is that just because someone leaves their door unlocked doesn't mean a person can walk in and take what he wants.  The defense argument is that when someone leaves their stuff in front of a picture window, passersby commit no crime by looking in and seeing what the person put on display.  Neither analogy strikes me as fully satisfying.

The question for the rest of us is where the line is drawn between lawful and unlawful conduct based on a law crafted at the birth of public computer use and before there was any world wide web to consider. The language of the CFAA fails miserably to provide an answer, and there is certainly no "originalist" view since there was no internet in existence. What we are left with is empty, meaningless language being shoehorned into technology that didn't exist. It might have seemed like a good idea back in 1986, but we're paying for it now.

Nonetheless, Congress can't be bothered to do its job of crafting a law that might apply, and the court is left with trying to decipher criminality from inapt words and their limited grasp of how the tubes work (or that of their kids, their law clerks, or maybe the kid down the street).

The prosecution has a huge glaring hole that needs answering: Is there any middle ground for a URL that can be accessed without hacking a password but is otherwise not intended to be found, accessed or used except by a discrete, chosen group of users?  The government wants the crime to depend on the subjective and transitory intent of the website owner, where "unauthorized" is defined as undesired. The defense wants a brightline test that says if it can be publicly accessed, then there can be no crime.

The government's position is not only untenable, but presents a threat to users that can't be tolerated. And indeed, it's so highly subjective, and selective, that it ignores that Google et al. violate it constantly with impunity. Do we want cookies and bots crawling all over us, capturing our personal info to feed back to people so they can sell us crap? I don't think so. But it prevailed below anyway.

The problem now is that the burdens shift on appeal, and it's the appellant's position that will be subject to scrutiny. Is there no limit to what we can access on the internet, as long as we don't hack the password? What if all the surrounding circumstances leave us with no doubt that the website owner doesn't want anybody coming in uninvited, so that no reasonable person can not be aware that he's entering a URL where he isn't welcome? Is that still okay?

Since the lines are drawn at polar extremes, and the arguments remain couched in poor analogies, and the judges will have a terrible time getting into the mindset of sophisticated computer users who think nothing of screwing around with user agents to see what they can find, and Weev felt compelled to handle himself in the typical, snarky, computer whizkid way that tends to just piss the crap out of everybody who isn't a snarky computer whizkid, this is going to be a tough fight.

But there remains one detail that I would have pounded hard, far harder than either the appellant or amici. Fair notice requires that the language of the CFAA, for smarter or stupider, state clearly what constitutes criminal conduct so that a person will know what not to do. By the Rule of Lenity, the failure of the law to adequately define a crime given the state of technology as it currently exists must resolve all ambiguities in favor of the defendant. 

While no one knows what Congress might do if it is forced to recraft the CFAA, and they could make it even worse, what seems clear now is that it is far too unclear to imprison anyone whose conduct falls within that middle ground of not hacking a password and breaking through a brick wall. Maybe they would criminalize what happened here, but until the law makes clear where the line is drawn, the government can't just make it up at will. And the Third Circuit should not be so activist as to give a 2013 meaning to a 1986 law that the government pulls out of its butt to nail Weev.

Weev's conviction must be reversed, despite his attitude and mouth, because the rest of us used the internet too and if Weev is a criminal, so too are we all.

* I hasten to add, lest anyone think otherwise, that I think Tor did an exceptional job with this case, even the more remarkable given the circumstances.

Update: Via Volokh, the amicus brief of the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers has just become available.  While I'm still going through it, my initial impression is that it's excellent, and fills in some of the gaps in the other briefs.  Notably, putting them all together, the argument on behalf of Weev is overwhelming.



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Source: http://blog.simplejustice.us/2013/07/09/its-not-easy-being-weev.aspx?ref=rss

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How Bad Ideas Grow Legs

Last January, Instapundit lawprof Glenn Reynolds wrote a short essay that became the darling of many folks who take an interest in criminal justice issues entitled Ham Sandwich Nation: Due Process When Everything is a Crime. To be kind, it was a simplistic rehash of long-time, discredited silver-bullet solutions to complex problems. The only virtue was that it came from Reynolds, who was a law professor and thus credible by definition even though he was dabbling at the edges of an area of law about which he knew nothing.

It was excoriated here. Gideon beat it up at A Public Defender as well. Unlike Reynolds, this wasn't a theoretical exercise for us. We lived with the problems, and would wind up living with whatever inane solution seemed like a cool idea to an academic.  Whereas Reynolds' mantle of scholarly credibility was an asset for others whose interest came from a distance, ours was nuts and bolts, from living with the detritus of bad ideas in the trenches.

Radley Balko took us to task for being critical of Reynolds. The Agitator offered a homily of cooperation, arguing that we ought to work with luminaries like Reynolds rather than saying mean things like their ideas aren't fabulous. After explaining what was horribly wrong with a particular idea promoted by Reynolds that Radley found especially interesting (loser pays in criminal litigation), I wrote:

Radley also questioned by twit why I wasn't more open to embracing the ideas proffered by Glenn Reynolds and Conor Friedersdorf, "And it's probably more productive to engage, persuade new allies than to shun and mock them."  Since I hate to be a shunner or mocker, and I try to be relatively informative as reflected in this response to Radley's query, I look forward to Reynolds and Friedersdorf, our new allies, engaging. Engage away, guys. Your turn.

Of course, I was shunning and mocking, just as Radley said. But then, I had no plan to suck up to Reynolds in an effort to gain him as an ally anymore than I planned to teach a pig to sing. As players in punditry go, Reynolds is a major player,* and he enjoys his importance. He doesn't swim with minnows like Gid and me. At most, he eats us for a snack. Radley may have been well-intended, but didn't really appreciate the pecking order.

Of course, there was nothing to stop Reynolds, either before or after he published his Ham Sandwich essay, from speaking with people who were actually knowledgeable about criminal law, whether that was Gid and/or me, or some other trench lawyers, who could explain why good ideas on paper don't play as well in the courtroom.  But no. He didn't. Since it was his essay being published to enlighten the world, it was his duty to get a clue, and his choice not to.

My point to Radley at the time was the when loud voices with ascribed credibility write something like this, bad things happen. Bad ideas are taken more seriously. Other people will mistakenly assume that Reynolds, lawprof and all, has a clue what he's talking about and his ideas must have merit. After all, lawprofs could never be wrong about lawstuff.  And now that Reynolds had rung the bell, it could not be unrung.

George Will, certainly one of this country's leading conservative intellectuals, heard the peal of Reynolds' bell this week. In an otherwise excellent column on Senators Leahy and Rand's efforts to provide a backdoor to mandatory minimums (which raises the question of why they aren't seeking to end mandatory minimums through the front door, but we'll take it anyway they offer it), Will goes from the sublime to the ridiculous:

The House Judiciary Committee has created an Over-Criminalization Task Force. Its members should read “Three Felonies a Day: How the Feds Target the Innocent,” by Harvey Silverglate, a libertarian lawyer whose book argues that prosecutors could indict most of us for three felonies a day. And the task force should read the short essay “Ham Sandwich Nation: Due Process When Everything Is a Crime” by Glenn Harlan Reynolds, a professor of law at the University of Tennessee. Given the axiom that a competent prosecutor can persuade a grand jury to indict a ham sandwich, and given the reality of prosecutorial abuse — particularly, compelling plea bargains by overcharging with “kitchen sink” indictments — Reynolds believes “the decision to charge a person criminally should itself undergo some degree of due process scrutiny.”

He also suggests banning plea bargains: “An understanding that every criminal charge filed would have to be either backed up in open court or ignominiously dropped would significantly reduce the incentive to overcharge. . . . Our criminal justice system, as presently practiced, is basically a plea-bargain system with actual trials of guilt or innocence a bit of showy froth floating on top.”

While Instapundit is a Big Kahuna on the interwebz and among academics, George Will has a soap box that dwarfs Reynolds. And he's taken Reynolds' "ideas" mainstream, not only crediting Reynolds for his position as an academic, but taking for granted that he's got criminal law chops.  It's unlikely that George checked Reynolds out at Tennessee Law School, where he teaches Administrative Law, Constitutional Law, Law, Science, and Technology, Space Law, Internet Law. See criminal law in there? See anything in his past to suggest even a passing familiarity with the actual practice of criminal law? Me neither.

Yet, I look forward to some fine senators extolling the virtue of a dangerous and hare-brained reform of the law, citing to Glenn Reynolds' Ham Sandwich essays as the font of practical criminal law brilliance.  Because the myth has now been created and George Will gave it legs.

And this is how we end up with monumentally bad ideas being enshrined in law.


* For those who aren't familiar with Instapundit, this from Reynolds' Wikipedia page

Much of Instapundit's content consists of links to other sites, often with brief comments. (His frequent use of "heh," "indeed," and "read the whole thing" have been widely imitated and are often parodied by other bloggers.) Reynolds encourages readers to explore the wider blogosphere and to fully read articles and posts to which he links.
And that's the foundation for being a major player on the internet.




© 2007-13 Simple Justice NY LLC. This feed is for personal, non-commercial & Newstex use only. The use of this feed on any other website is a copyright violation. If this feed is not via RSS reader or Newstex, it infringes the copyright.

Source: http://blog.simplejustice.us/2013/07/10/how-bad-ideas-grow-legs.aspx?ref=rss

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How People Search for Lawyers: The Consumer Law Revolution

On this edition of The Digital Edge, co-hosts Sharon D. Nelson, Esq. and Jim Calloway chat with Stephanie Kimbro about her new book, The Consumer Law Revolution: The Lawyer’s Guide to the Online Legal Marketplace. The book focuses on how to join a branded-legal network to acquire leads and create an online marketing strategy. She stresses the importance of small and solo firms benefiting from having a large-branded network behind them to market their presence.

Kimbro is a practicing attorney at Burton LLC and a member of the North Carolina State Bar. Burton LLC is a virtual law firm that delivers legal services in North Carolina, D.C., and Ohio. In addition to her practice, she writes a blog, www.virtuallawfirm.com, covering the ethics and technology issues of delivering legal services online.

Tune in to learn more about branded networks for lawyers, why you want to join one, how to choose the right one for your practice, and more.

Source: http://legaltalknetwork.com/podcasts/digital-edge/2013/06/how-people-search-for-lawyers-the-consumer-law-revolution

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Litigation Department of the Year

While the U.S. economy was struggling to return to health over the last two years, big-ticket litigation was clearly a countercyclical buffer. As the financial meltdown turned from headlines to captions on docket sheets, these Am Law 200 litigators were front and center.

Source: http://www.law.com/jsp/law/sign_me_in.jsp?article=http://www.americanlawyer.com/PubArticleTAL.jsp?id=1202536262203&rss=newswire

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Thursday, January 2, 2014

Safety first

I’m pleased to note that California’s AB 1371, known as the Three Feet for Safety Act, becomes law in 2014. California is the 23rd state to establish a minimum buffer zone around bicycles that ride on public roads. It’s about time! Motorists passing a bike must allow at least three feet of space between the car and the bike, or slow to a safe and reasonable speed. As a cyclist myself,

I know how dangerous the roads can be; in 2011, I was hit by a car making a left turn, failing to yield the right of way to me. The driver just didn’t “see” me.  This literally changed my life and I still feel the impact of that accident. Drivers passing too close is one more problem behavior on the roads, especially with new hybrids that make little or no sound of warning as they approach.

Be careful out there on the roads this holiday season, and always. Selfishly, I want you back as a reader and commentator.  Happy holiday.

Source: http://feeds.lexblog.com/~r/LawBizBlog/~3/etGhmwO_gt4/

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Scary Tech: Lessons from ABA TECHSHOW 2013

Find out what the experts in computer security saw at ABA TECHSHOW 2013 - things like attendees with no passcode on their tablets or smartphones and people connecting to insecure networks which monitored their data traffic (through a scary device called a Pineapple). Digital Detectives hosts Sharon Nelson, Esq. and John Simek, president and vice president of Sensei Enterprises, Inc., welcome Ben Schorr of Roland Schorr to talk about the best ways to secure your home and office devices

Ben Schorr has been a technical consultant for businesses for two decades. Microsoft named him Most Valuable Professional (MVP) for both their Outlook product group and their OneNote product group. He was recently named by the Pacific Technology Foundation as one of the Top 50 Technology Leaders in Hawaii, where he is CEO of Roland Schorr, an IT management and support company.

This episode will help you understand how to connect to the Internet securely when you are out of the office, to create secure passwords for your devices, to keep your security patches up-to-date, to backup and do test restores of your data, and more.

Source: http://legaltalknetwork.com/podcasts/digital-detectives/2013/04/scary-tech/

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India president signs anti-corruption bill

[JURIST] Indian President Pranab Mukherjee [official website] on Wednesday signed into law a landmark anti-graft bill passed by parliament in December. The new law [AFP report] creates a corruption ombudsman with extensive power to prosecute politicians and civil servants to create a "bribe-free India." The bill was approved by parliament [AFP report] with support from both the ruling Congress and the opposition Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) [party website]. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh [official website] called the law, under which he...

Source: http://jurist.org/paperchase/2014/01/india-president-signs-anti-corruption-bill.php

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A Whole New Look for Some Law Firms in 2014

As far as law firm tie-ups go, 2013 was a banner year for talks that garnered lots of press but ultimately stalled out before the end of the year. Still, plenty of other mergers did come off without a hitch.

Source: http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2014/01/02/a-whole-new-look-for-some-law-firms-in-2014/?mod=WSJBlog

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Contractor Can’t Sue City on Bid 

In this suit arising out of a city procurement bid process, won by a third party, plaintiff’s complaint identifies plaintiff and defendant as a joint venture but the attached bid proposal describes them as “two primary subcontractors,” and the Richmond Circuit Court grants the city’s demurrer but overrules the demurrer on plaintiff’s breach of contract ...

Source: http://valawyersweekly.com/2014/01/02/contractor-cant-sue-city-on-bid/

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Protip: Don't Screw With Old Folks

A squad of 18 deputies in Cook County were very aggressive in trying to collect money from deadbeat dads, using whatever methods they needed to bring these culprits to justice.  When they put a gun to 77-year-old Merien Macon's head, however, they messed with the wrong person. From the Chicago Tribune:

When the unit arrived at the Macons' home, two weeks before Merien's arrest, officers had two outstanding warrants for couple's son, Derrick Macon, then 50, including one for child support. Officers insisted they be allowed into the home, William Macon said.

Because the officers did not have a search warrant, William Macon refused, he said.

William Macon, 83 years old, wasn't to be easily pushed. You gotta love tough old birds. And before anyone gets all bent out of shape about his "derelict" deadbeat son, it turns out that while the team knew all about the outstanding warrants for child support, they somehow missed the order holding that he wasn't the father of the child. But let's not have facts impair a good story.

When the deputies saw Merien drive up to the back of the home, they approached with guns drawn — one pointed at her head as she sat in the car — and pressed her about her son's whereabouts, according to the lawsuit.

"I was really surprised when they walked up with their guns," Merien Macon, a retired clerical worker, said last week. "I was scared. I was shocked. I was surprised."

Macon, who had dropped off her son earlier, told them she didn't know where he was and she did not want to answer questions, [Macon's lawyer, Elizabeth] Kaveny said.

And so the deputies, duly chastised by their overly violent conduct frightening a nice old woman, apologized profusely and left her in peace outraged by her refusal to do as they commanded, decided to teach an old woman a lesson.

At that point, Merien Macon became upset and told the officers she would not speak to them. The officers handcuffed, frisked and arrested Merien Macon on a charge of obstruction of justice.

The officers then took her to a nearby parking lot, where they gave her a phone and told her to call her son and find out where he was.

Merien's husband, William, a retired electrician, called that "a hostage situation," attempting to trade off his wife for his son. The sheriff's office claimed that was not at all the case, and they were just being thoughtful.

The sheriff's office denied attempting to pressure Macon to call her son and said she was moved to the parking lot because her husband had become upset and neighbors were starting to gather.

They didn't want to upset old William by forcing him to watch her cuffed, frisked and with guns pointed at his wife's head. A very sensitive gesture in law enforcement, likely to win a medal at some point.

The Macons sued for what was done to Merien.

Merien Macon was charged with felony obstruction of justice, leading her to file a lawsuit against Sheriff Tom Dart and the officers involved. A Cook County jury recently sided with her, awarding Macon $327,500 and agreeing with her husband that what happened that afternoon went too far.

Frankly, that's a very healthy award, give that most plaintiffs in her situation could hope for a fraction of that at best. But then, picture a jury hearing the testimony in this case, looking at the 77-year-old woman and her loving 83-year-old husband, and pondering the cuffs on her wrists, the hands on her body, the gun at her head, all over a mistaken child support warrant. It doesn't get more sympathetic than this.

"I've seen this type of thing over and over and over," William Macon said. "But when it happens to you it becomes more personal."

Truth. Unless you happen to be knowledgeable about your rights, have the guts to assert them with a gun pointed at your head and, purely by happenstance, a couple of cool codgers, chances aren't good you would end up with a verdict of this magnitude. This makes it an exceptionally good reason to both applaud the Macons, and to care a whole lot about when things like this happen "over and over and over." Because next time it could be you, and it will, without question, become "more personal."

H/T Spencer Neal






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Source: http://blog.simplejustice.us/2013/07/13/protip-dont-screw-with-old-folks.aspx?ref=rss

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Selected retirement statistics

The Wall Street Journal, October 28, 2013, published some interesting statistics;

To meet basic retirement needs, one needs to save 8 to 11 times salary by the age of 67; if your annual income is $100,000, you should have saved a minimum of $800,000 by the time of retirement.

There are a number of “disconnects” in the statistics.  For example,
•    69% of the people surveyed said they expect to work for pay after retirement; yet, only 25% do.

•    Only 46% of retirees will be able to afford their essential needs in retirement; yet 78% of those surveyed expect to be happy in retirement.

•    Of workers 55+ years of age, 54% said they thought they’d need $250,000, exclusive of house and pension, for retirement. Only 24%, however, said they had that.  Sadly, about 1/3 of this group had less than $10,000 saved.

•    Only 38% believe they will be able to afford “extras” (like travel) in retirement; yet 72% believe their dream retirement includes taking really nice vacations.

•    62% say they’ve done everything they need to do to prepare for retirement; yet 68% say they expect to work after they retire.

•    Before retiring, when asked, only 29% said they were very confident of attaining paid employment once retired, 45% were somewhat confident. But, after retiring, only 7% said they were very confident and 21% said they were somewhat confident of finding paid employment.
       
Other thoughts:
Retirement age has increased since the 1990s, 57 years of age in 1993. Now, we’re at least 66 years of age. The later retirement age continues to build the nest egg ... and one’s emotional health seems to be better with the later retirement age.   

On retiring at the age of 65 today, the average life expectancy is another 19 years, meaning one may live 1/4 of one’s life in retirement. Hence, the title of my latest book, Life After Law: What Will You Do With the Next 6,000 Days? Planning for the “second season” is not something to be taken lightly.

Source: http://feeds.lexblog.com/~r/LawBizBlog/~3/akTr40uQEAE/

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Dayton appoints Vandelist to bench in Le Seur County

Gov. Mark Dayton on Monday appointed Mark C. Vandelist as District Court Judge in Minnesota’s 1st Judicial District. Vandelist will be replacing Edward I. Lynch, who retired earlier this year. The judgeship will be chambered at Le Center in Le Sueur County.

“I am pleased to appoint Mr. Vandelist to serve the people of the First Judicial District,” said Governor Dayton in a press release announcing the appointment. “Mr. Vandelist has proven himself to be astute in the law, and a leader in his community. I have great confidence that he will execute his duties as judge with excellence and integrity.”

Vandelist is a trial attorney and partner at Vandelist & Vandelist where he primarily handles personal injury cases and provides pro bono services in criminal areas. He previously served as a trial attorney at Heuer & Vandelist and Cousineau McGuire Chartered. Mr. Vandelist earned his B.A. from American University in Washington, D.C. and his J.D. from the Hamline University School of Law.

Additionally, Mr. Vandelist is a certified civil trial specialist, serves as an arbitrator with the American Arbitration Association. He lives with his family in Lakeville.

Minnesota’s 1st Judicial District consists of Carver, Dakota, Goodhue, Le Sueur, McLeod, Scott and Sibley counties.

 

Source: http://minnlawyer.com/minnlawyerblog/2013/12/23/dayton-appoints-vandelist-to-the-bench-in-le-seur-county/

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Wednesday, January 1, 2014

Officials plan for new reciprocity rules

With new rules coming to govern out-of-state lawyers seeking to practice in Virginia without taking the bar exam, the state Supreme Court and bar leaders are fine tuning the details. The Supreme Court of Virginia has issued a new set of regulations to implement its new Rule 1A:1 affecting so-called “waived-in” lawyers. Meanwhile the Mandatory ...

Source: http://valawyersweekly.com/2013/12/30/officials-plan-for-new-reciprocity-rules/

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Law 2014: Within Employment Discrimination, It’s a Wage-and-Hour World

The 2011 U.S. Supreme Court case known as Wal-Mart Stores v. Dukes has in many ways made it harder for plaintiffs to bring successful workplace-discrimination class-action suits. But that hasn't meant that the plaintiffs' bar has stopped filing employment-related suits altogether.

Source: http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2013/12/30/law-2014-within-employment-discrimination-its-a-wage-and-hour-world/?mod=smallbusiness/

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Twitter: A Sleeping Discovery Giant?

Attorney Daniel Cummins and staff reporter Ben Present discuss the emerging issue of social media law. In this installment, the two discuss the differences between Facebook and Twitter, and whether Twitter posts can be discoverable.

Source: http://www.law.com/jsp/law/sign_me_in.jsp?article=http://www.law.com/jsp/pa/PubArticlePA.jsp?id=1202594676587&rss=newswire

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Turkish court rejects government attempt to force police disclosure

[JURIST] A Turkish court ruled on Friday that the police-judiciary body attempting to root out government corruption did not have to disclose their investigations to the government. Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan [BBC profile] attempted to force these disclosures in order to reign in the power that police are currently able to exercise in the course of these investigations. The ruling comes amid growing controversy that has forced high level officials, including members of Erdogan's cabinet, to resign. It also...

Source: http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/12/turkey-court-rejects-government-attempt-to-force-police-disclosure.php

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Keeping up with the cloud: software, social media, and more.

What started as a way to backup our hard drives is moving to how we access, what feels like, everything on our computers. On this episode of The Kennedy-Mighell Report, Dennis Kennedy and Tom Mighell will discuss the new trend of software by subscription. Instead of paying for an updated version of a new software product, companies are offering a monthly subscription which will immediately grant users access to the newest version via the cloud. Adobe and Microsoft are just two of the recent examples of vendors switching to this model. With so many lawyers and law firms using old versions of standard software, how will they react to this new system?

The second portion of the show will cover the new service Google Takeout, which provides an easy way to extract your data from online-Google apps like Google Reader, Google Circles, and more. Whether you know it or not, seems like everything is stored online nowadays. Tune in to The Kennedy Mighell Report to keep up with Internet technology and the cloud.

Special thanks to our sponsor, Transporter.

Source: http://legaltalknetwork.com/podcasts/kennedy-mighell-report/2013/06/keeping-up-with-the-cloud-software-social-media-and-more

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Remer attorney suspended for six months

Attorney Arlie Martin Fundaun has been suspended for six months by order of the Minnesota Supreme Court.

Fundaun, of Remer, Minn., waived his procedural rights and admitted the allegations in the petition brought against him. In that petition, it was alleged that Fundaun “fail(ed) to communicate with a client, fail(ed) to diligently and expeditiously handle a client matter, ma(de) false statements to a client, engag(ed) in the unauthorized practice of law, and fail(ed) to cooperate with disciplinary investigations.”

Fundaun will be suspended for a minimum of six months and can then petition for reinstatement.

Source: http://minnlawyer.com/minnlawyerblog/2013/12/20/remer-attorney-suspended-for-six-months/

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Obesity can be a disability, at least in Montana

Obesity can be a disability, at least in Montana.

Full decision: BNSF Railway v. Feit (Montana 07/06/2012)

Feit got a ruling from the Montana Department of Labor that BNSF Railway discriminated against him by refusing to hire him because BNSF regarded him as being disabled due to his obesity.

BNSF then went to federal court to get a review of whether it violated the Montana Human Rights Act (MHRA) by refusing to hire Feit because of his obesity.

The federal court then asked the Supreme Court of Montana to decide how to rule, asking this question: Is obesity that is not the symptom of a physiological condition a "physical or mental impairment" as it is used in Montana Code Annotated section 49-2-101(19)(a)?

The Montana Supreme Court answered with a qualified yes. The court answered: Obesity that is not the symptom of a physiological disorder or condition may constitute a "physical or mental impairment" within the meaning of Montana Code Annotated section 49-2-101(19)(a) if the individual's weight is outside the "normal range" and affects "one or more body systems" as defined in 29 CFR 1630.2(h)(1)(2011).

The federal court laid out these facts:

1. BNSF offered Eric Feit a conditional offer of employment as a conductor trainee. The employment was conditioned upon successful completion of a physical examination, drug screening, background investigation, proof of employment eligibility, and BNSF’s Medical History Questionnaire.

2. On February 6, 2008, BNSF informed Feit he was not qualified for his “safety sensitive” position because of the “significant health and safety risks associated with extreme obesity.”

3. BNSF told Feit he would not be considered for the job unless he either lost 10% of his body weight, or successfully completed additional physical examinations at his own expense. Regardless of the test results, BNSF did not guarantee Feit a job.

4. With the exception of a sleep study test, Feit successfully completed the additional physical exams BNSF requested. The sleep test cost at least $1,800, and Feit could not afford the test.

5. Because BNSF informed Feit that it would not consider him for the conductor trainee position unless he completed the sleep study, Feit set out to lose 10% of his weight.

6. A genuine dispute exists regarding whether BNSF received documentation of Feit’s weight loss.

The Montana Supreme Court noted that the EEOC Interpretive Guidance distinguished between conditions that were impairments and conditions that were simply physical characteristics, which suggested that a person with normal weight required a physical condition to qualify as an impairment. The court referred to the ADAAA which instructed courts that they were interpreting the statute too restrictively and expressed its specific intent that determination of disability not demand extensive analysis (122 Stat. at 3553-54).

The DISSENT noted that the definition of a "physical and mental impairment" included "any physiological disorder, or condition" that affects a major system of the human body (29 CFR 1630.2(h)(1)), and argued that the plain meaning required a physiological condition be present before an impairment existed.

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Custom Alerts

Source: http://www.lawmemo.com/blog/2012/07/obesity_can_be.html

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Officer Safety and Second Hand Smoke

Via John Wesley Hall at Fourth Amendment, a decision out of the 10th Circuit that puts an end to the pressing question of whether second hand smoke presents a sufficient justification to circumvent the 4th Amendment and enter a home without a warrant.  Lest you think this is too ridiculous to be worthy of consideration, bear in mind this is on appeal, the district court having denied suppression.

In United States v. Mongold, Special Agent Ashley Stephens (who apparently is male) of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (“ATF”) was investigating Claudia Moore, whom she knew to be a felon from prior dealings, for drug dealing. After conducting observations, she, together with three other agents, went to Moore's apartment to conduct a "knock and talk," since she lacked probable cause to get a warrant.

Aside: For those unaware, a "knock and talk" is a means of circumventing the warrant requirement by relying on submission to the shield, lies, fear and the possibility that the agents might either see or cause something to happen to give rise to an exception to the warrant requirement that would allow them to enter a home. And yes, it's been held to be perfectly lawful since anyone, cop or Fuller Brush salesman, can knock on your door and say "hi." Or scream "police", as the case may be.
According to the testimony, Stephens heard "scurrying and shuffling" inside the apartment upon her knocking on the door, "which immediately caused us concern." A male voice asked who it was, and after he responded "police," there were "loud movements" and a "short delay" before Mongold opened the door. That's when the bad stuff happened.

After the delay, Mr. Mongold, who had been living in the home for several months, opened the door. Agent Stephens smelled marijuana and recognized what he believed were prison tattoos on Mr. Mongold. Agent Stephens asked for Ms. Moore. Mr. Mongold told him that he would go get her and turned to walk to the back of the house to find her. The officers followed him inside even though they did not have permission to enter the house.

Once inside, they saw ammunition. Knowing that Moore was a prior felon, possession of ammunition was a crime, and it went downhill from there. Mongold, Moore and her two adult children subsequently consented to a search of the place, which found drugs and guns. 

The defendant moved to suppress before the district court, based on the initial warrantless entry. The government's argument below was that the smell of marijuana, combined with the "prison tats" on Mongold's arm, suggesting that he too was a felon, created a justifiable fear of officer safety, which allowed for Stephens to enter for a protective sweep. The court below also held the entry justified under exigent circumstances to preserve evidence.

The Circuit wasn't as impressed.  While the court acknowledged that the smell of marijuana is accepted as a basis to believe there is pot inside, it merely gives rise to a belief that it's basic possession of marijuana.

Based on the foregoing, if marijuana possession is the only crime for which the officers in this case had probable cause, the exigency exception for destruction of evidence should not apply because marijuana possession is not a serious crime.

But that wasn't the only argument.  There remained their deep concern for the safety from the smell (yes, I'm being facetious calling it "second hand smoke," because it's unclear whether the smell is smoke or fresh pot, and the opinion really has nothing to do with the second-hand smoke aspect in any event).

At the suppression hearing, Agent Stephens argued that he feared for his and the other officers' safety because the home's owner, Ms. Moore, was a known felon, and he suspected Mr. Mongold was a felon as well, based on his "prison tattoos."

Officer safety is not an alternative ground to affirm because the first element of the test is dispositive. The Government presented no evidence that the officers had "reasonable grounds to believe that there [was] immediate need to protect their lives or others." Before entering the home, the officers had not seen a weapon or any other indication of heightened danger.

Even the use of cool active verbs ("scurrying"), curious descriptors ("loud movements") and expressions of deep concern reflecting both the terrible, life-and-death dangers of conducting a "knock and talk" to circumvent the Constitution, didn't sway the court.  Instead, the court reached the conclusion of remarkably wisdom:

They could most easily have protected the officers' safety by leaving Ms. Moore's home, not by entering it.

An idea so radical, so outlandish, that it never occurred to either the agents or the prosecutors: walk away. While this might make for good fodder to be chiseled into the lintels over courthouses everywhere, the bad news is that the opinion, while persuasive, is not precedential:

This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value.

This, of course, means that the next time a second-hand smoke case arises, the district judge may not be willing to adopt such a radical concept as expecting the agents to walk away rather than conduct a warrantless search of a home after smelling marijuana or seeing prison tats, because they're very scary to agents.

And don't discount the possibility that if the odor was of burning pot, the agents would be authorized to break down the door to protect themselves from the second hand smoke. Truth is, this opinion doesn't preclude such a holding at all. It could still happen.

 

 

 

 



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